Coffee

Coffee is a stimulant beverage prepared from roasted seeds, commonly called coffee beans, of the coffee plant. Today, coffee is one of the most popular beverages worldwide Coffee was first consumed in the ninth century, when it was discovered in the highlands of Ethiopia.[2] From there, it spread to Egypt and Yemen, and by the 15th century, had reached Azerbaijan, Persia, Turkey, and northern Africa. From the Muslim world, coffee spread to Italy, then to the rest of Europe, to Indonesia, and to the Americas.

Coffee berries, which contain the coffee bean, are produced by several species of small evergreen bush of the genus Coffea. The two most commonly grown species are Coffea canephora (also known as Coffea robusta) and Coffea arabica. These are cultivated in Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Africa. Once ripe, coffee berries are picked, processed, and dried. The seeds are then roasted, undergoing several physical and chemical changes. They are roasted to varying degrees, depending on the desired flavor. They are then ground and brewed to create coffee. Coffee can be prepared and presented in a variety of ways.

Coffee has played an important role in many societies throughout modern history. In Africa and Yemen, it was used in religious ceremonies. As a result, the Ethiopian Church banned its consumption until the reign of Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia.[4] It was banned in Ottoman Turkey in the 17th century for political reasons,[5] and was associated with rebellious political activities in Europe. Coffee is an important export commodity. In 2004, coffee was the top agricultural export for 12 countries,[6] and in 2005, it was the world's seventh-largest legal agricultural export by value.[7]

Some controversy is associated with coffee cultivation and its impact on the environment. Many studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and certain medical conditions; whether the overall effects of coffee are positive or negative is still disputed The term was introduced to Europe via the Ottoman Turkish kahve, which is, in turn, derived from the Arabic: قهوة‎, qahweh.[9][10] The origin of the Arabic term is derived either from the name of the Kaffa region in western Ethiopia, where coffee was cultivated, or by a truncation of qahwat al-būnn, meaning "wine of the bean" in Arabic. The English word "coffee" first came to be used in the early to mid-1600s, but early forms of the word date to the last decade of the 1500s.[11] It comes from the Italian caffè. In Ethiopia's neighbor Eritrea, "būnn" (also meaning "wine of the bean" in Tigrinya) is used.[12] Also the Amharic and Afan Oromo name for coffee is bunna.